小瓢虫传媒

The PhD thesis aims to analyse the invocation of neutrality in the private sector as a basis for a general restriction of religious manifestations in the workplace. The research focuses on the compatibility of such restrictive neutrality with European law on religious freedom and non-discrimination. The first part consists of a theoretical analysis of the three concepts at the heart of this trend: neutrality, religion, and the company. The second part proposes a categorisation of neutral companies, based on the various motivations pursued by private employers in their reference to this form of religious neutrality. The reference to neutrality is alternatively internal or external, and instrumental or ideological. We show that for each figure of the neutral company there is a specific legal response as to the legitimacy and proportionality of restrictions based on neutrality, from the point of view of European law on religious freedom and non-discrimination.

The proportion of women holding an academic position is lower than that of men, and this gap increases with the progression in the academic career. During the lockdown due to Covid-19, virtual meetings illuminate forms of participation in meetings that reinforce gender inequalities in academia. A survey we carried out from March to May 2020 in five Belgian Universities allowed us to analyze the experience of virtual meetings of 814 respondents, 63 % of whom were women.

Before the lockdown, women attended fewer meetings than men, and this gap has increased for virtual meetings held during lockdown. In addition, women participated more often in meetings aimed at ensuring work continuity, than in strategic meetings devoted to making decisions affecting the work of others. This gap entails lesser possibilities for women to influence the functioning of the university. In addition, women report greater difficulties than men to speak up in meetings, and this gap has increased for virtual meetings. Yet, verbal communication is the main medium of expression in meetings.

Finally, the symbolic marks of power change in the virtual context, where the position at the meeting table, for example, is meaningless. By contrast, domestic and personal marks of power, such as a beautiful office and a well-furnished library, become meaningful in the virtual context.

However, the distribution of domestic resources between men and women seems to follow the same logic than academic positions. The virtual meetings therefore also invite us to examine the influence of the organization of work at home on the scientific production of women.

We have created a new workflow in Rhino Grasshopper with originally scripted Python components, for evaluating the non-image-forming (NIF) metrics of light in a built environment. This workflow called Occupant Wellbeing through Lighting, or OWL, helps bridge the gap between the well-being aspect of light on occupants, and the limitation in real-time measurement of spectral data onsite. This includes several models from literature and standards; and uses existing weather files as the primary input in addition to geometrical data, for evaluating NIF metrics proposed by CIE and by Lighting Research Centre.

Health and well-being are much broader constructs than the accepted definition of comfort as the 鈥渃ondition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation鈥�*. It is thought that comfort can be provided by maintaining indoor environmental settings within a narrow range of average conditions, particularly in shared working spaces. However, this assumption is based on acceptability for a generic population that fundamentally neglects the inter- and intra-individual variability in perception and subjective evaluation characterising the population of building occupants. To address these challenges, an interdisciplinary approach to building performance evaluation is required based on the simultaneous consideration of technological (e.g., environmental parameters, building characteristics), social (e.g., spatial organisation) and human factors (e.g., comfort, health and well-being metrics).

Other than investigating what parameters and indicators need to be systematically measured in a robust way, it is fundamental to establish how to collect data and evaluate them through non-intrusive techniques. To this aim, the 鈥楽martness, Health Assessment and Performance Evaluation鈥� (SHAPE) project will integrate building physics, engineering, and IEQ monitoring, with aspects of health sciences, ergonomics, behavioural sciences, environmental psychology, business management and exact sciences**. The project aims to develop a building performance monitoring and evaluation tool for healthy and smart nZEBs (nearly Zero Energy Buildings) to track holistically and measure rigorously user comfort, health and well-being, alongside buildings鈥� energy efficiency and smartness. A framework of performance indicators for healthy and smart nZEBs will be created, a BPE 鈥楽HAPE Tool鈥� will be developed for assessing health, wellbeing, IEQ and smartness. In cooperation with the industrial partner VELUX, quantitative and qualitative data will be collected in occupied buildings and the tool will be validated in smart nZEBs. The lessons learnt can be used for designing smart nZEBs, policy-making for healthy buildings and rising awareness of end-users in health and wellbeing.

* ASHRAE (2013). Standard 55 - Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta: ASHRAE.

** The 鈥楽martness, Health Assessment and Performance Evaluation鈥� (SHAPE) project has received funding from the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk艂odowska-Curie grant agreement No 101032267.

We study the consequences of a working time reduction (WTR hereafter) in a growth model with efficiency wages and an essential natural resource (natural capital). Considering that technical progress cannot reduce the resource content of final production to zero, we show that the effects of a WTR on (un)employment depend on the abundance of natural capital. If it is unlimited, the economy converges toward a balanced growth path and a WTR lowers output, employment and wage levels along this path. With finite natural capital, the economy converges toward a stationary state. A WTR then increases the hourly wage and employment if natural capital is scarce enough, which is necessarily the case if technical progress on produced capital and labour is unbounded.

The long-term elasticity of employment (resp., of the hourly wage) to the cut in hours is larger (resp., smaller) when natural capital is scarcer. A numerical analysis of the transitory impacts of a WTR confirms that when natural capital is scarcer, it increases employment more and the hourly wage less, with a less negative initial impact on output.

In shared offices, occupants often make compromises regarding their comfort levels, tolerating indoor conditions that they might not choose or accept if they were alone. The adaptive actions on environmental controls (on windows, lights, thermostats, etc.) that they would exercise to maintain or restore the conditions generally deemed suitable to perform their tasks are delayed or less frequent. But to what extent should this be a concern in a shared working space? Although building standards aim to maintain environmental settings within stable and narrow ranges, inter-disciplinary research leads to postulate that dynamic variability might entail significant advantages for users of working spaces, as well as for their energy management. In response, this project aims to identify the boundaries of tolerance to the variation of indoor conditions in shared working spaces, before an environmental adaptive action takes place, and measure the potential benefits of wider environmental settings on occupants鈥� and buildings鈥� outcomes. A mixed-method research design will be structured in three stages. In a first exploratory stage, fieldwork on shared working spaces will monitor environmental data and user behaviours and collect perceptions of comfort and well-being via surveys and interviews. A second confirmatory phase will evaluate in a test-room, situations that would be considered beyond neutral acceptability based on conventional comfort standards and operational practices, while quantifying the potential benefits that dynamic stimulation due to fluctuations of physical factors may bring. In a third validation stage, results of the experimental studies will be tested in the field to verify if spaces moderately deviating from the static state of neutrality sought by standards could enhance perceived comfort and task performance, foster well-being, and increase energy savings, since management systems could allow wider variations of indoor settings. The findings of this research will help understand the complexity of personal adaptation from an environmental, physiological and psycho-social perspective, particularly in workspaces; and will be translated into design and operation criteria for their transfer to building practice and standards.

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Ce travail de recherche vise 脿 contribuer 脿 l鈥檃m茅lioration de l鈥櫭﹖at de sant茅 des travailleurs au Burkina Faso par le biais notamment de la mise au point d鈥檜ne m茅thodologie simple et peu couteuse de pr茅vention du mal de dos li茅 au travail.

Les travaux s鈥檃rticulent autour de trois axes. Une premi猫re 茅tude fait un portait du patient lombalgique au Burkina Faso avec en parall猫le le diagnostic du traitement de la lombalgie chronique non sp茅cifique dans les structures sanitaires du pays. Une 2猫me 茅tude met l鈥檃ccent chez des tisseuses sur la pr茅valence des troubles musculosquelettiques et de la lombalgie, et sur l鈥檌dentification et l鈥檃nalyse des facteurs de risques professionnels (psychosociaux et physiques) . La 3猫me partie porte sur l鈥檃nalyse des contraintes biom茅caniques de l鈥檃ctivit茅 de tissage afin de proposer une prise en charge globale, simple et peu couteuse pour r茅duire les risques professionnels et am茅liorer l鈥櫭﹖at de sant茅 de ces travailleuses.

Au travers de ces diff茅rents travaux, nous esp茅rons apporter aux praticiens une strat茅gie op茅rationnelle pour pr茅venir et soigner le mal de dos au Burkina Faso.

In Burundi, the health centers provide more than 90% of health care but the quality of the care they offer remains limited, in particular, due to low professional capacities (qualifications, experience, number of workers...).

In a previous study, in 2016, we called attention to the existence of an "invisible" group of poorly trained staff. These workers provide strategic tasks for the quality of care (hygiene and reception) and represent half of the overall health staff. We also pointed the compartmentalization of knowledge between professional groups which brought us to hypothesize that there is little interaction between these groups.

Based on these results, a follow up study will be conducted in the next month aiming at describing the professional groups and their respective social distance. Secondly, we will try to understand the dynamics of identification with the professional groups by exploring the social representations, the communication and the professional trajectories of each groups.

Taken altogether, these studies contributes to the deconstruction of a Western-centered model that remains the dominant approach for human resources of health in low and middle incomes countries.

Le territoire du Brabant wallon est t茅moin de trois mutations structurelles au sein de la soci茅t茅. Elles concernent la mobilit茅, le d茅veloppement 茅conomique et l鈥檋abitat. Le concept des nouveaux lieux de travail (NPoW pour New places of Working) a 茅t茅

d茅velopp茅 pour r茅pondre 脿 celles-ci.

Les formes de mobilit茅 茅voluent et doivent se passer davantage de la voiture. Les NPoW contribueront 脿 favoriser les alternatives 脿 la voiture, d鈥檜ne part, et 脿 limiter les distances de d茅placements, d鈥檃utre part. Ainsi ils s鈥檃ppuient sur l鈥檜sage des modes actifs qui prennent une importance croissante, notamment avec le succ猫s du v茅lo 茅lectrique, sur la compl茅mentarit茅 des diff茅rents modes de transports (individuels et collectifs) et sur le d茅veloppement des infrastructures li茅es aux d茅placements rapides 脿 v茅lo.

The present PhD-research studies an organisational transition towards more participative and collaborative management in a large public company from the media sector. Adopting an ethnographic approach, the research aims at studying managers' identity regulation in this context.

Les savoirs exp茅rientiels contiennent une part de connaissances profondes et ancr茅es. Souvent peu conscients, leur pr茅cieuse valorisation questionne potentiellement leurs consid茅rations socio-spatiales. C鈥檈st pourquoi une recherche doctorale en architecture investigue cet aspect sp茅cifique, par l鈥檈xtension d鈥檜ne m茅thode issue des sciences sociales d茅nomm茅e le Diagnostic en Marchant. Son application rigoureuse sur diff茅rents terrains wallons 鈥� et originale avec des seniors 鈥� a 茅t茅 initi茅e durant la recherche-action participative Wallonie Amie Des A卯n茅s (responsable acad茅mique le Pr O. Masson [LOCI/LAB] avec le soutien de l鈥橝VIQ). Le travail contributif des ain茅s, activ茅 par cette forme de participation inclusive, y a produit une diversit茅 de donn茅es qualitatives li茅es aux espaces v茅cus, tout en fabriquant un socle commun de compr茅hension. Cette mani猫re de travailler offre potentiellement une plus grande robustesse 脿 la phase g茅n茅rale de diagnostic. Deux r茅f茅rences internationales r茅centes appliqu茅es 脿 plus large 茅chelle (plaine septentrionale parisienne et hinterland new-yorkais) 茅largiront le champ des formes contributives, comme une des r茅ponses aux amples enjeux contemporains.